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2009年成人高考英语三级考试语法复习资料

时间:2009-09-22 18:05:00   来源:环球网校     [字体: ]
定冠词限定名词时主要表示特指,针对TOEFL应注意以下几点:

  (1) the和可数名词单数连用,表示一类人或物,如:

  the fern(蕨类), the wallflower

  (2) 序数词之前必须用the,如:

  the first woman, the nineteenth century

  但前面有物主代词时除外,如 my first baby

  (3) 形容词级之前必须用the(有物主代词时除外),如:

  the largest city, the most advanced technology

  (4) of连接的名词前多用the, 如:

  the development of the watch,

  (5) 世界上独一无二的东西前应加the, 如:

  the globe(地球),the equator(赤道), the moon, the sun

  在下列情况下,一般不用the:

  (1) 表示人名、地名、国家名等专有名词前, 一般不加,如:

  Dennis Chavez(人名),Alaska(地名),English(英语), February(二月),America(美国)

  但是在表示海洋、海峡、江、河、山脉、群岛等专有名词时要加上the

  the Great Lakes(美国五大湖), the Changjiang River(长江)

  (2) 无特指的不可数名词前,如:

  algebra(代数学), advertising, accounting(会计学)

  (3) 表示类别的复数名词前,如:

  Historians believe that…, Amphibians(两栖动物) hatch from…

  (4) 一些固定词组中,如:

  in history, in nature, at work, at home , go to school, go to bed, in bed

  乘车的词组:

  by train(乘火车), by car (乘汽车), by bicycle(骑脚踏车),

  by bus (乘公共汽车),

  by land(由陆路), by sea (由海路), by water (由水路) ,

  by air(通过航空)

  on foot (步行), by plane(乘飞机), by ship (乘船),

  打球的词组:

  play tennis, play baseball, play basketball

  注意:表示职位的词之前的冠词有无均可, 如:He was elected (the)

  chairman of the committee.

  不可数名词的限定词和不可数名词原形连用, 下面这些限定词后面一定跟不可数名词:much, a large amount of, a great deal of, a wealth of(大量的、丰富的)little /a little /less /least, a piece /sheet /slice /bar of, 属不可数名词

  专用

  另外一些词(词组)如such, some /any (of), most (of), a lot of, lots of,the re st of, plenty of等既可接可数名词又可接不可数名词。

  有些形容词本身就具有“比….年长”、“ 比…..优越”等含义,因此也就没有比较级和级。比如: inferior, superior, senior, anterior。这些形容词往往和to连用,而不和than连用。

  有些形容词本身就具备“最、极”的含义,所以就没有级和比较级。如:

  absolute(绝对的), unique(独一无二的), infinite(无限的), round(圆的), right(对的), correct(正确的), wrong(错误的), perfect(完美的),这类形容词往往被称为绝

  对形容词对于most来讲,除了构成某些词级外,most的用法有几点需要注意,经常成为改错

  题的考点:

  1. 当most表示大多数时,之前不加the, 并且有两种形式来表示大多数,分别为:

  most + 名词,如:most people, most Indian tribes;

  most + of + 限定词 + 名词或代词,如:most of his paintings,most of us, most of the modern artists

  2. most有时意思等同于very, 此时most之前用不定冠词,如:

  a most lovely girl, a most impressive proposal

  例题:

  (1)

  The most substances expand in volume when they are heated.

  A        B   C     D

  答案:A

  应改为:Most

  解释:most只有在表示形容词级作定语时需加定冠词,此句表示“大多数”,没必要加the.

  Aluminum is the most abundant metal in the crust of the Earth, but the nonme tals

  A          B      C

  oxygen and silicon are more still abundant.

  D

  考点:程度副词

  答案:D

  应改为:still more

  解释:程度副词still修饰比较级more时,应置于其前几点参考规则:

  1. 多数副词放在修饰的动词之后,若动词有宾语则放在宾语之后,如:She sings very well.

  I met your uncle(动词的宾语) just now.

  I met just now your uncle (错)

  2. 副词修饰形容词、介词短语、副词时常放在被修饰成分之前,如:

  These two are only slightly different.

  right after this, very smoothly

  当然,副词enough是一个例外,要放在修饰成分的后面,如:

  I am not good enough to do this job. (对)

  I am not enough good to do this job. (错)

  3. 表示频率的副词常放在实意动词之前,be动词之后,如:

  He often/ always/ rarely/seldom/never play(实意动词) tennis.

  He is always here at 8’clock. (be动词之后)

  4. 部分副词的位置没有一定的规定,原则上接近被修饰词即可,如:

  only, even, still, perhaps, etc.

 考点:程度副词

  答案:D

  应改为:still more

  解释:程度副词still修饰比较级more时,应置于其前

  几点参考规则:

  1. 多数副词放在修饰的动词之后,若动词有宾语则放在宾语之后,如:

  She sings very well.

  I met your uncle(动词的宾语) just now.

  I met just now your uncle (错)

  2. 副词修饰形容词、介词短语、副词时常放在被修饰成分之前,如:

  These two are only slightly different.

  right after this, very smoothly 当然,副词enough是一个例外,要放在修饰成分的后面,如:

  I am not good enough to do this job. (对)

  I am not enough good to do this job. (错)

  3. 表示频率的副词常放在实意动词之前,be动词之后,如:

  He often/ always/ rarely/seldom/never play(实意动词) tennis.

  He is always here at 8’clock. (be动词之后)

  4. 部分副词的位置没有一定的规定,原则上接近被修饰词即可,如:

  only, even, still, perhaps, etc.

  第四节 容易混淆的词

  hard (努力,副词) -hardly (几乎不,副词)

  close (接近,形容词) -closely(接近,副词)

  near (接近,形容词) -nearly (几乎,副词), nearby (adj.邻近的)

  most (大多数的,形容词) -mostly(主要地,大部分 副词)

  late (迟、晚,形容词) -lately (最近,副词),later(adv 稍后的)

  high (高的,形容词) -highly (adv. 非常,大大的)

  另外: friendly(友好的), lovely(可爱的、有趣的),尽管词尾有ly, 但是都是形容词作主语:不定式短语可作主语

  如:To see is to believe (百闻不如一见)

  To work hard should be your major concern.

  注意:由于英文不习惯句子主语过长,不定式主语常被形式主语it所代替(详见第十七章)

  例如上面第二句可以变为: It should be your major concern to work hard. 又如: It is very nice of you to help me

  不定式常接在名词之后作定语,如something to read, nothing to do, anything to decla re, a lot to complain of, the right person to talk to, etc.

  由上述例子不难看出不定式和被修饰词间有动宾关系,因此不及物动词之后必须加上相 搭配的介词(例如上面的complain + of, talk +to)不定式定语还可表示将来的含义,如:in the years to follow, the meeting to be held in June

  独立主格的主语和句子主语不一致

  如:(With) His mouth filled with water, he couldn’t utter a word. (独立主格)

  对于分词来讲其逻辑主语必须和句子的主语保持一致:

  Filling his mouth with water, he couldn’t utter a word.

  在TOEFL考试中,经常混淆反身代词的写法,结尾的-self和-selves经常故意写错反身代词的用法

  可以用来做宾语: He hurt himself when he fell.

  可以用来做表语: He is not quite himself today. (他今天有些不舒服)

  反身代词经常放在名词或者代名词的后面来进行强调, 表示“亲自”的意思

  I myself do it.

  I do it myself.

  They made the research themselves.