第一篇
The Tricks of Supermarkets
You may have wondered why the supermarkets are all the same. It is not because the
companies that operate them lack imagination. It is because they all aim at persuading people tobuy things.
In the supermarket, it takes a while for the mind to get into a shopping mode. This is why thearea immediately inside the entrance is known as the "decompression zone". People need to slowdown and look around, even if they are regulars. In sales terms this area is bit of a loss, so it tendsto be used more for promotion.
Immediately inside the first thing shoppers may come to is the fresh fruit and vegetablessection. For shoppers, this makes no sense. Fruit and vegetables can be easily damaged, so theyshould be bought at the end, not the beginning, of a shopping trip. But what is at work here? Itturns out that selecting good fresh food is a way to start shopping, and it makes people feel lessguilty about reaching for the unhealthy stuff later on.
Shoppers already know that everyday items, like milk, are invariably placed towards the backof a store to provide more opportunities to tempt customers. But supermarkets know shoppersknow this, so they use other tricks, like placing popular items halfway along a section so thatpeople have to walk all along the aisle looking for them. The idea is to boost "dwell time": thelength of time people spend in a store.
Traditionally retailers measure "football", as the number of people entering a store is known,but those numbers say nothing about where people go and how long they spend there. Butnowadays, a piece of technology can fill the gap: the mobile phone. Path Intelligence, a Britishcompany tracked people's phones at Gunwharf Quays, a large retailer centre in Portsmouth--notby monitoring calls, but by plotting the positions of handsets as they transmit automatically tocellular networks. It found that when dwell time rose by 1%, sales rose by 1.3%.
Such techniques are increasingly popular because of a deepening understanding about howshoppers make choices. People tell market researchers that they make rational decisions about whatto buy, considering things like price, selection or convenience. But subconscious forces, involvingemotion and memories, are clearly also at work.
31. In Paragraph 2, "decompression zone" is the area meant to __________.
A. prepare shoppers for the mood of buying
B. offer shoppers a place to have a rest
C. encourage shoppers to try new products
D. provide shoppers with discount information
32. Putting the fruit-and-vegetable section near the entrance takes advantage of shoppers' __________.
A. common sense
B. shopping habits
C. shopping psychology
D. concerns with time
33. Path Intelligence uses a technology to __________.
A. measure how long people stay at a store
B. count how many people enter a store
C. find out what people buy in a store
D. monitor what people say and do in a store
34. What happened at Gunwharf Quays showed that sales __________.
A. were reversely linked to dwell time
B. were in direct proportion to dwell time
C. were affected more by football than by dwell time
D. were affected more by dwell time than by football
35. The best title for the passage is __________.
A. New Technology Boosts Stores' Sales
B. How Shoppers Make Choices in Stores
C. The Science behind Stores' Arrangements
D. Rational and Irrational Ways of Shopping 第二篇
Easy Death
In ancient Greece, the term euthanatos meant "easy death". Today euthanasia (安乐死)generally refers to mercy killing, the voluntary ( 自愿的 ) ending of the life of someone who isterminally ill. Like abortion, euthanasia has become a legal, medical, and moral issue over whichopinion is divided.
Euthanasia can be either active or passive. Active euthanasia means that a physician or othermedical personnel take an action that will result in death, such as giving an overdose of deadlymedicine. Passive euthanasia means letting a patient die of lack of treatment, or stopping thetreatment that has begun. Examples of passive euthanasia include taking patients off a breathingmachine or removing other life-support systems. Stopping the food supply is also considered passive.
A good deal of debate about mercy killing originates from the decision-making process. Whodecides whether a patient is to die? This issue has not been solved legally in the United States. Thematter is left to state law, which usually allows the physician in charge to suggest the option ofdeath to a patient's relatives, especially if the patient is brain dead. In an attempt to make decisionsabout when their own lives should end, several terminally ill patients in the early 1990s used acontroversial suicide device, developed by Dr. Jack Kevorkian, to end their lives.
In parts of Europe, the decision-making process has become very flexible. Even in caseswhere the patients are not brain dead, patients have been put to death without their approval at therequest of relatives or at the suggestion of physicians. Many cases of passive euthanasia involve oldpeople or newborn infants. The principle justifying this practice is that such individuals have a "lifenot worthy of life".
In countries where passive euthanasia is not legal, the court systems have proved very tolerantin dealing with medical personnel who practice it. In Japan, for example, if physicians followcertain guidelines they may actively carry out mercy killings on hopelessly ill people. Courts havealso been somewhat tolerant of friends or relatives who have assisted terminally ill patients to die.
36. A terminally ill patient is one who __________.
A. gets worse every day
B. can never get well again
C. is very seriously ill in the end
D. is too ill to want to live on
37. The difference between active and passive euthanasia is whether __________.
A. there is an action that speeds up the death of the patient
B. the breathing machine is taken off the patient
C. an overdose of deadly medicine is used
D. the patient is denied food supply
38. According to the passage, who has the legal responsibility to decide on euthanasia?
A. The national or state government.
B. The patient's relatives.
C. Physicians in charge of the patient.
D. The answer varies from country to country.
39. The principle justifying passive euthanasia in Europe is that terminally ill patients are __________.
A. living a life without consciousness
B. living a life that can hardly be called life
C. too old or too weak to live on
D. too old or too young to approve of euthanasia
40. The attitude of the writer toward euthanasia is __________.
A. negative
B. positive
C. objective
D. casual 第三篇
Factors to Influence the Life Span
People are living longer than ever, but for some reason, women are living longer than men. Ababy boy born in the United States in 2003 can expect to live to be about 73, but a baby girl, about79. This is indeed a wide gap, and no one really knows why it exists. The greater longevity ( 长寿 )of woman, however, has been known for centuries. It was, for example, described in theseventeenth century. However, the difference was smaller then--the gap is growing. "
A number of reasons have been proposed to account for the differences: The gap is greatest inindustrialized societies, so it has been suggested that women are less susceptible to work strainsthat may raise the risk of heart disease and alcoholism. Sociologists also tell us that women areencouraged to be less adventurous than men (and this may be why they are more careful drivers,involved in fewer accidents).
Even smoking has been implicated in the age discrepancy. It was once suggested that workingwomen are more likely to smoke and as more women entered the work force, the age gap wouldbegin to close, because smoking is related to earlier deaths. Now, however, we see more womensmoking and they still tend to live longer although their lung cancer rate is climbing sharply.
One puzzling aspect of the problem is that women do not appear to be as healthy as men. Thatis, they report far more illness. But when a man reports an illness, it is more likely to be serious.
Some researchers have suggested that men may die earlier because their health is morestrongly related to their emotions. For example, men tend to die sooner after losing a spouse thanwomen do. Men even seem to be more weakened by loss of a job. (Both of these are linked with amarked decrease in the effectiveness of the immune system.) Among men, death follows retirementwith an alarming promptness.
Perhaps we are searching for the answers too close to the surface of the problem. Perhaps theanswers lie deeper in our biological heritage. After all, the phenomenon is not isolated to humans.
Females have the edge among virtually all mammalian ( 哺乳动物的 )species, in that they generallylive longer. Furthermore, in many of these species the differences begin at the moment ofconception; there are more male miscarriages ( 流产) . In humans, after birth, more baby boys thanbaby girls die.
41. What can we learn from the first two paragraphs ?
A. Men's lifespan remains almost unchanged.
B. Researchers have found the causes of the age gap.
C. The age gap was noticed only recently.
D. The more advanced a society, the greater the age gap.
42. As is suggested in Paragraph 2, the two factors relevant to women's longer lifespan are __________.
A. disease and road accidents
B. industrialization and work strains
C. their endurance of work strains and reluctance for adventure
D. their immunity to heart disease and refusal of alcohol
43. According to Paragraph 3, which of the following statements is TRUE?
A. The great number of male smokers contributes to the age gap.
B. The growing number of smoking women will narrow the age gap.
C. Smoking does not seem to affect women's longevity.
D. Female workers are more likely to smoke than male workers.
44. Which of the following phenomena makes researchers puzzled?
A. Though more liable to illness, women still live longer.
B. Men's health is more closely related to their emotions.
C. Men show worse symptoms than women when they fall ill.
D. Quite a number of men die soon after their retirement.
45. The word "edge" in Paragraph 6 means __________.
A. margin
B. side
C. quality
D. advantage第4部分：阅读理解
第一篇
31.A。词汇题。题干：第二段中的“休闲地带”指的是_________的区域。由“Inthe supermarket，
it takes a while for the mind to get into a shopping mode.This is why the area immediately inside the entrance is known as the‘decompression zone’.”可知，“休闲地带”的作用是为人们尽快进入购物状态做好准备。故答案为A。
32.C。细节题。题干：把水果蔬菜区域放到入口的地方是利用了消费者的_________心理。由“It turns out that selecting good fresh food is a way to start shopping，and it makes people feel less guilty about reaching for the unhealthy stuff later on.”可知，商家把果蔬放在商店门口，是为了让人们在先挑到新鲜的果蔬后觉得很兴奋，即使后来买些不太健康的东西，负罪感也会少一点，利用了消费者的购物心理。故答案为C。
33.A。细节题。题干：“智能通道”利用了_________ 的技术。由“Path Intelligence…It found that when dwell time rose by l%，sales rose by 1.3%.”可知，Path Intelligence利用手机技术来跟踪用户的位置。他们发现，顾客在店内的逗留时间每增加l%，销售额就会增长1.3%。所以，这项技术是用来测量顾客在店内逗留时间长短的，故答案为A。
34.B。细节题。题干：GunwharfQuays所发生的事情说明了_________ 。由“It found that when dwell time rose by l%，sales rose by l3%.”可知，顾客在商店逗留的时间与商店的销售额成正比。故答案为B。
35.C。主旨题。题干：本文的标题是_________。文章通篇都在讲述商家怎么利用消费者的心理来布置商店格局，以吸引消费者在商店逗留更多时间，进而增加销售额。故答案
为C。
第二篇
36.B。词汇题。题干：一个晚期病人是_________。terminal意为“末端的，晚期的”。a terminally ill patient表示“晚期患者，绝症病人”，即选can never get well again(无法再治愈了)。也可以参考第三段的最后一句话：several terminally ill patients in the early 1”。s used a controversial suicide device，developed by Dr.Jack Kevorkian，to end their lives._________由此推断出，应该是“不可能再治好的病人”才有可能采取“安乐死”。故选B。
37.A。细节题。题干：积极安乐死与消极安乐死的区别是_________。本题答案在文章第二段。本段介绍了安乐死的两种方式：active euthanasia和passive euthanasia。第二句“Active euthanasia means that a physician or other medical personnel take an action that will result in death….”意为“主动的安乐死是指由医生或其他医护人员采取措施结束病人生命……”，第三句“Passive euthanasia means letting a patient die of lack of treatment，or stopping the treatment that has begun.”意为“被动的安乐死是指使病人因缺乏治疗或停止已开始的治疗而死亡”。由此可推知两种方式的区别在于，是否采取某种措施来加速病人的死亡，即选项A。
38.D。细节题。题干：根据本文的信息，_________有权利来决定是否执行安乐死。首先找到问题出处在第三段第二句：who decides whether a patient is to die?紧接着论述了这一问题在美国的情况，指出：“This issue has not been solved legally in the United States.(在美国，这个问题在法律上还没解决。)”第四段介绍了欧洲的情况：In parts of Europe，the decision-making process has become very flexible.(在欧洲的部分国家，这一决定的程序则非常灵活。)第五段又介绍了在其他一些国家的情况。由此可推断出，对这个问题，不同的国家有所不同，故选D。
39.B。细节题。题干：欧洲判定合理执行安乐死的原则是晚期病人_________。本题答案在第四段最后一句：The principle iustifying this practice is that such individuals have a“life not worthy of life”.给这些人实施安乐死的合理依据是这些人的生命已经是毫无意义的了，因此B是正确的。
40.C。态度题。题干：作者对安乐死的态度是_________。从整篇文章来看，作者主要客观地论述了安乐死的不同方式，各个国家对安乐死的不同看法，而没有个人的主观观点，因此答案为objective(客观的)。negative意为“消极的，否定的”;positive意为“积极的，肯定的”;casual意为“随意的”。故选C。
第三篇
41.D。推理题。题干：从前两个段落可以推理得出_________。由第一段的最后两句“It was，for example，described in the seventeenth century.However,the different was smaller then—the gap is growing”，以及第二段中“The gap is greatest in industrialized societies.”可知，越先进的社会，差距就越大。故答案选D。
42.C。细节题。题干：如第二段所示，与女性较长的寿命相关的两个因素是_________。由第二段中“The gap is greatest in industrialized societies….to be less adventurous than men.”可知，与女性长寿有关的两个因素是她们对工作压力的承受能力和不愿意冒险。故答案选C。
43.C。细节题。题干：从第3段可以看出，下列哪一个陈述是正确的?由“Now,however,we
see more women smoking and they still tend to live longer although their lung cancer rate is climbing sharply.”即“然而，现在我们看到更多的女性吸烟，但是她们仍然活得更长久，即使她们得肺癌的概率在急剧上升。”可知，吸烟似乎对女性的长寿没什么影响。故答案选C。
44.A。细节题。题干：下列哪一个现象令研究者困惑?由第四段中“One puzzling aspect ofthe
problem is that women do not appear to be as healthy as men.That is，they report far more illness.”可知，令研究者百思不得其解的是即使女性得病率高，但她们仍然活得更长久。故答案选A。
45.D。词汇题。题干：第6段中的“edge”意思是_________。margin“利润，余裕”;side
“方面”;quality“质量”;advantage“优势，利益”。通篇都在谈论女性比男性在寿命方面更有优势，由此优势类推到几乎所有的哺乳动物中，雌性都活得更长些。故答案选D。
